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To master the game of poker, one must be adaptive. Any form of deterministic play can and will be exploited by a good opponent. A player must change their style based on the dynamic game conditions...

In strategic games like chess, the performance loss by ignoring opponent modeling is small, and hence it is usually ignored (although it has been studied [5,11,12]). In contrast, not only does oppo...

We have identified several key components that address some of the required activities of a strong poker player. However, these components are not independent. They must be continually refined as n...

A hand of Texas Hold’em begins with the pre-flop, where each player is dealt two hole cards face down, followed by the first round of betting. Three community cards are then dealt face up on the ...

Poker is an interesting test-bed for artificial intelligence research. It is a game of imperfect knowledge, where multiple competing agents must deal with risk management, opponent modeling, unrel...

Abstract : Other work has shown that adaptive learning can be highly successful in developing programs which are able to play games at a level similar to human players and, in some cases, exceed the...